Computer Architecture

1. Core Components of Computer Architecture

A. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU serves as the brain of the computer, executing instructions and processing data. It comprises:


Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Handles mathematical and logical operations.

Control Unit (CU): Manages instruction execution and directs data flow.

Registers: Small, high-speed storage units for temporary data processing.

B. Memory System

Primary Memory (RAM): Temporarily stores instructions and data for quick access.

Cache Memory: A high-speed buffer inside the CPU to optimize data retrieval.

Secondary Storage (HDD, SSD): Provides long-term data storage.

C. Input/Output (I/O) Devices

Input Devices: Enable data entry (e.g., keyboard, mouse).

Output Devices: Display results (e.g., monitor, printer).

D. System Bus

A communication channel linking the CPU, memory, and peripherals. It consists of:


Data Bus: Transfers actual data between components.

Address Bus: Carries memory location addresses.

Control Bus: Sends control signals to coordinate operations.

2. Types of Computer Architecture

A. Von Neumann Architecture

Uses a single memory for both instructions and data.

Instructions are processed sequentially, leading to the Von Neumann bottleneck (data transfer limitations between CPU and memory).

Commonly found in general-purpose computers.

B. Harvard Architecture

Employs separate memory units for data and instructions, allowing parallel access.

Increases efficiency but is more complex.

Widely used in embedded systems and digital signal processors (DSPs).

There are two common types of computer chips for home use:

RISC architecture and CISC architecture. I will give a brief explanation of both:


RISC architecture:

Instruction set: simple

Execution speed: Fast (one instruction per cycle)

Power efficiency: effective

Examples: ARM, MIPS


CISC architecture:

Instruction set: complex

Execution speed: Slower (it may require more than one cycle to execute an instruction)

Power efficiency: higher consumption

Examples: Intel x86, AMD


It is common to find ARM chips in lower power devices. Devices that consume more power, such as desktops or laptops will have Intel or AMD CPUs.


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