Computer science

It is a good idea to use consistent format of the variables in programming. Two common ways to name variables are: camel casing or using dash between words. Example of camel casing is carSpeed . Example of using dash is car-speed . When people see the name of this variable it is obvious to them of what it is. When people use variables such as a , these variables are not descriptive enough.  Some programming languages add $ before the name of the variable. A common way of using one letter variable is in a loop. For example a loop may implement a variable i as iteration variable. Study Guide: Programming Variable Naming Conventions Key Concepts: Variable: A named storage location in a computer's memory that holds a value. Naming Convention: A set of rules for choosing identifiers (names) for variables, functions, classes, etc., in a programming language. Readability: The ease with which code can be understood by humans. Descriptive Variable Names: Names that clearly indicate the pu...

CSS is a stylesheet language used to design and style web pages, allowing control over layout, colors, fonts, and spacing. It enhances the visual presentation of HTML elements. Key Features of CSS: Separation of Style & Content: Keeps HTML clean by handling styling separately. Selectors & Properties: Defines styles using properties like color, font-size, and margin. Responsive Design: Uses media queries to adapt layouts for different screen sizes. Animations & Effects: Enables transitions, hover effects, and animations. Frameworks & Libraries: Tools like Bootstrap and Tailwind speed up development. Types of CSS: Inline CSS: Applied directly to an HTML element. Internal CSS: Defined inside a <style> tag within an HTML document. External CSS: Stored in a separate .css file and linked to HTML.

A web browser is a software application that allows users to access and interact with websites on the internet. It retrieves web pages from servers, processes the code (HTML, CSS, JavaScript), and displays the content in a user-friendly format. Popular Web Browsers: Google Chrome – Fast, widely used, and supports a vast range of extensions. Mozilla Firefox – Open-source, privacy-focused, and highly customizable. Microsoft Edge – Based on Chromium, optimized for Windows with built-in security features. Safari – The default browser for Apple devices, designed for seamless macOS and iOS integration. Opera – Includes a built-in VPN, ad blocker, and other unique features. Key Features of Web Browsers: Rendering Engine: Converts web code into a visually interactive page. Address Bar: Enter URLs to navigate to different websites. Tabbed Browsing: Open multiple websites simultaneously within one window. Bookmarks: Save frequently visited websites for quick access. Extensions & Add-ons: Enh...

SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) is a secure method for transferring files between a client and a server, operating over the SSH (Secure Shell) protocol. It ensures data encryption, protecting files from interception and tampering. Key Features of SFTP: Encrypted Transfers: Secures files, authentication, and commands to prevent unauthorized access. SSH-Based: Runs over SSH (default port 22), eliminating the need for separate encryption mechanisms. Multiple Authentication Options: Supports password-based and key-based authentication for enhanced security. Resumable Transfers: Allows interrupted file transfers to continue without restarting. Firewall-Friendly: Uses a single, secure connection, simplifying firewall configurations. Common SFTP Commands: sftp <user>@<hostname> – Connect to an SFTP server. ls – List files in the remote directory. cd <directory> – Navigate through directories on the server. get <filename> – Download a file. put <filename> – Uplo...

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server over a TCP-based network like the internet. Key Features of FTP: Client-Server Architecture: The client connects to an FTP server to upload or download files. Authentication: Access may require a username and password, though some servers allow anonymous logins. Active vs. Passive Mode: Active mode lets the client open a port for data transfer, while passive mode has the server handle this, improving firewall compatibility. Command-Based Communication: Uses text commands (e.g., GET, PUT, LIST) for file operations. Versatile File Handling: Supports transferring multiple file types and directories. Common FTP Commands: ftp <hostname> – Connect to an FTP server. ls or dir – View files on the server. cd <directory> – Navigate directories. get <filename> – Download a file. put <filename> – Upload a file. bye or quit – Disconnect from the server. FTP Altern...

Clients are devices that display HTML documents. These can be desktop, laptop computers, or smartphones. Servers are the devices that contain the information. Servers can be of a different performance, depending on how busy network traffic is. If network traffic is so busy, than more than one server may be used. Different types of network: LAN, MAN, WAN, Internet Networks can be of different sizes. Smallest of them all is LAN. LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is contained in a single building or nearby buildings. A larger one is MAN - metropolitan area network. It covers network located in a single city. Personally I never had a chance to see one. WAN stands for Wide Area Network, when computing resources are located in different geographical locations. The largest network is Internet. You are reading this article browsing the Internet. When a request is made on the Internet it is usually of two types HTTP or HTTPS. S in HTTPS stands for secure. I say usually, because there are ad...

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML has tags, some tags are needed to display text of different sizes, some tags are needed to build a table of different sizes, a tag is needed to display an image, a different HTML tag is needed to display a video. H1 will display a text of a big size. H2 display text of a smaller size, H3 even smaller, and so on. H6 is the last H tag. We are using HTML 5. It started long time ago with HTML 1. In 1993 Mosaic browser had emerged, it was able to display images. Since then more browsers had emerged. Each browser implementation was non-standard. IETF stands for Internet Engineering Task Force focused on how networks need to connect to each other. World Wide Web Consortium is responsible for how HTML technology needs to evolve. 1990 - 1994 web was text based. In 1993 Mosaic was introduced, and since then images started to pop up in the Internet. 1885-1999 browsers compatibility started to fall apart. To fix it people tried to detect which brows...

Stakeholders are individuals, groups, or organizations that have an interest in or are affected by a business, project, or decision. They play a critical role in influencing outcomes, providing resources, and ensuring the success of initiatives. Types of Stakeholders 1. Internal Stakeholders – Those within the organization who directly contribute to or are impacted by its activities. - Employees – Perform daily tasks and drive business operations. - Managers & Executives – Lead teams and shape strategic decisions. - Shareholders/Investors – Fund the organization and expect financial returns. Example: In a technology company, developers (employees) and executives (decision-makers) are key internal stakeholders. 2. External Stakeholders – Individuals or entities outside the organization who are affected by its operations. - Customers – Use the company’s products or services. - Suppliers & Vendors – Provide essential goods and materials. - Regulatory Bodies – Ensure compliance wit...

Operational work encompasses the ongoing activities that keep a business running smoothly. Unlike project-based work, which has a defined start and end, operational work is continuous, ensuring the consistent delivery of services, management of resources, and overall business stability. Key Characteristics of Operational Work - Ongoing & Repetitive – Performed regularly as part of daily business functions. - Process-Driven – Follows standardized workflows and procedures. - Ensures Business Continuity – Keeps essential operations running without disruption. - Resource-Intensive – Requires personnel, tools, and technology for execution. - Supports Organizational Stability – Maintains efficiency and productivity over time. Example: A finance team processing payroll each month to ensure employees receive their salaries on time. Benefits of Effective Operational Work Management - Ensures Business Stability – Keeps essential services and processes functioning smoothly- - Enhances Product...

The Project Lifecycle is a structured framework that guides a project from inception to completion. It ensures that tasks, resources, and timelines are effectively managed to achieve project goals efficiently. Phases of the Project Lifecycle 1. Initiation - Define project objectives, scope, and feasibility. - Identify key stakeholders and gather initial requirements. - Develop a business case and secure necessary approvals. Example: A company explores the feasibility of launching a new mobile app and secures funding before proceeding. 2. Planning - Create a detailed roadmap, outlining tasks, schedules, and resource allocations. - Identify potential risks and define mitigation strategies. - Establish communication protocols and project governance. Example: A construction company develops a project timeline, assigns teams, and sets quality control measures. 3. Execution - Implement the project plan and coordinate team activities. - Monitor progress, track deliverables, and make necessary...

Operations management is the practice of overseeing, optimizing, and coordinating business processes to enhance efficiency, productivity, and quality. It ensures that resources are utilized effectively, workflows are streamlined, and business objectives are met efficiently. Key Functions of Operations Management - Process Optimization – Enhancing workflows to improve efficiency and reduce operational costs. - Resource Allocation – Managing labor, materials, and equipment to maximize productivity. - Quality Assurance – Ensuring that products or services meet required standards and customer expectations. - Supply Chain Coordination – Overseeing procurement, production, and distribution to maintain smooth operations. - Risk Management – Identifying potential disruptions and implementing strategies to mitigate them. Industry-Specific Applications: Manufacturing – Managing production lines, inventory control, and quality assurance. Retail – Optimizing inventory levels, logistics, and custom...